Reference
Music Reference Tables
Quick-reference charts for musicians: note frequencies, MIDI numbers, instrument ranges, transposition, temperaments, key signatures and instrument classification.
Note Frequency Chart
Exact frequencies of all 88 piano notes from A0 (27.5 Hz) to C8 (4186 Hz) at A4 = 440, 442, 432 and 415 Hz, with MIDI numbers and wavelengths.
MIDI Note Numbers
Look up the MIDI number of any note (middle C = 60, A4 = 69) and vice versa — octaves −1 to 9 with scientific pitch names.
Transposition Chart
How 26 transposing instruments read and sound — B♭, A, E♭, F, G and octave transpositions — with the interval to convert from concert pitch.
Instrument Range Chart
Visual chart of the sounding ranges of 47 instruments against the 88-key piano, plus a sortable table of written and sounding ranges in Hz.
Tuning Systems & Temperaments
Cents deviations from equal temperament for six historical tuning systems, with what each sounds like and when to use it — plus an interactive comparison.
Circle of Fifths & Key Signatures
Interactive circle of fifths with all 15 major and minor key signatures, relative keys and the order of sharps and flats.
Hornbostel–Sachs Classification
How the Hornbostel–Sachs system classifies musical instruments into idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, aerophones and electrophones — with real examples.
Glossary
Plain-English definitions of woodwind and music terms.